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In Social Roots of Insurgency in Kashmir, Idreas Khandy delves into the social, political, and historical factors that have contributed to the insurgency in Kashmir. The chapter examines the root causes of the prolonged conflict, focusing on the societal divisions, grievances, and the lack of state legitimacy that have fueled the insurgent movement in the region. Khandy explores how political and social dynamics have intersected with regional and international tensions, creating a volatile environment. The analysis emphasizes the role of societal alienation, economic disparities, and historical injustices in driving insurgency and political mobilization in Kashmir. The chapter is highly relevant to contemporary discussions on insurgency, especially in regions with long-standing political and social conflicts like Kashmir. It provides an in-depth understanding of how social roots, such as cultural and political grievances, can shape insurgent movements. The chapter's focus on state legitimacy and the societal factors behind the conflict aligns with contemporary peacebuilding and community engagement strategies, offering insights into the importance of addressing local grievances to achieve lasting peace. The analysis is particularly useful for understanding how insurgency and violence are deeply intertwined with social and political dynamics, which can inform community engagement and rehabilitation efforts in Kashmir and similar conflict zones. Social Roots of Insurgency in Kashmir offers a critical look at the underlying social and political causes of insurgency in the region. Khandy’s approach provides valuable perspectives on the complex interplay of societal alienation, historical tensions, and political mobilization. This chapter is crucial for understanding the Kashmir conflict and offers important lessons for peacebuilding and conflict resolution efforts.